Lyophilization: Why Research Peptides Ship as Freeze-Dried Powder
Freeze-drying removes water by sublimation at low temperature, leaving a porous solid that resists the chemical reactions that degrade peptides in solution.
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Freeze-drying removes water by sublimation at low temperature, leaving a porous solid that resists the chemical reactions that degrade peptides in solution.
A vial can be 99% pure and 75% peptide by weight at the same time. Counter-ions, bound water and how amino-acid analysis resolves the difference.
How a peptide is built one amino acid at a time on a resin bead, why Merrifield's method won a Nobel Prize, and where impurities enter the process.
Endotoxin is the contaminant that survives sterilization. How LAL and recombinant assays detect it, and what an endotoxin result on a COA means.
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